Giza

Giza Governorate is located in the northern part of the Nile Valley at the branch of the Nile Delta and configured. Giza and the name was mentioned in the Arabic heritage books that the name means place of "passing" or the subject of moving from one place to another, and this site is the place of today's vector or cross it from north to south on the grounds it in the site average.
Giza province has the largest cemeteries of ancient Egypt, the period from Abu Rawash north to Meidum (Beni Suef) south of Giza and a large number of archeological sites are:
1 - Abu Rawash
2 - Giza
3 - Angle-Arian
4 - Abu Sir
5 - Saqqara
6 - Dahshur
7 - Allst
8 - Atfih
9 - Memphis
10 - crematorium built safety and other
The Giza Plateau of the most famous archaeological sites because it includes the Great Pyramid and the Sphinx and a large number of pyramids and tombs of the royal family and state officials and workers.

Area, consisting of eleven Giza pyramid are:
1 - Pyramid of Cheops and the three pyramids of queens and a small pyramid of worship.
2 - the pyramid of Khafre and the pyramid of small
3 - Pyramid Mnkawora and three pyramids

Pyramid of Khufu:
Khufu was the son of King Sneferu and the mother is the Queen "Hetepheres" Daughter of the King, "Hony" The Last King of the Third Dynasty, and most likely that the Queen Hetepheres was buried near a pyramid Snfr In Dahshur, but was able to thieves access to her grave in the days of the rule of her son Khufu of this was moved from the rest of the funerary furnishings of Dahshur buried again in the bottom of a deep well east of the Great Pyramid, The Mummy Queen and her jewelery thieves fled, and still the rest of the funerary furnishings preserved in the Egyptian Museum.
The Roman historian Diodoros when an update on the pyramid of King Cheops, the Egyptians hated the builders of the pyramids to the extent that made them looting and smashing the large tombs of the Kings mummies, as well as some travelers said the Greeks and Romans that the king Khufu was unjust and that he used forced labor to build his pyramid.
And by reference to the written documents we know them that King Cheops was a king holy was his subjects are happy to participate in the establishment of its buildings timeless and of course, the pyramid, and we know that the religious rituals of King Khufu continued centuries long, In the Ptolemaic period there are signs indicating the continued presence of the priests of Khufu.
In response to the speech that King Khufu scoffed at all the possibilities of the country in building a pyramid and that the economic situation worsened in his reign that it is not reasonable to be a king Cheops ruler and leave the country in a stable economic situation has allowed the construction of the daughter of Khafre Pyramid II and his pyramid.
If the economic conditions in the reign of Cheops has worsened to build the pyramid of one, how was the economic conditions the time of King Sneferu, who paid the construction of pyramids him at Dahshur, said Herodotus, Greek historian that the work in the pyramid of Cheops lasted 20 years and work on the way upward alone lasted 10 years, any that the period of building the pyramid and the way the rising 30-year-old, and to respond to the words of Herodotus has stated papyri documentaries for the rule of King Khufu, 23, only, also found in one of the rooms mitigate the five above the burial chamber on the writings remember the year the seventeenth of the reign of Khufu.

The group is made up of King Khufu pyramid elements are:
1 - pyramid and surrounded by an external wall, built of stone.
2 - funerary temple is located on the east.
3 - Temple Valley
4 - rising way up the valley between the temple and funerary temple
5 - at the entrance to the pyramid structure in the North Altahih
6 - hole in the rock in the form of ships
7 - small pyramid surrounded by a private AL (South of the pyramid)

Description of the pyramid:
Constructed base of the pyramid along the 230 meters (now 227 m) and at altitudes of about 146 meters (now 137) and the inclination angle is 5150, and occupies the pyramid area of ​​13 acres, and built this pyramid of local limestone was Xah stone lime white good from the quarries Torah.
The estimated number of stone pyramid about 2.3 million stone ranging in weight from 2.5 tons, and participated in the construction of the pyramid about 100,000 workers were employed three months in the year are the only months of flooding.
Is located the entrance to the pyramid in the northern side of Almdemaq 13 at an altitude of about 20 m from the surface of the earth, and leads the entrance passage to the downside in the construction of the pyramid in the Rock and the length of the descending passage 103.5 m and ends with a room is not over of constructed (perhaps the burial chamber, main by the change in building design ), and amended the builders of the design of the pyramid and they narrowly pass upward in the heart of the pyramid a length of 36 m up to the corridor horizontal length of 35 m and up to a room called a "chamber of Queen" and is located on the axis of the pyramid and at an altitude of 20 m around the surface of the ground level, and the roof tapered shape, but there change again in the design of the pyramid requests along the ascending passage in the heart of the pyramid is called the Great Hall, which has a length of about 47.5 m approximately 8.5 m and constructed the walls of the Great Hall of the limestone of good, and connects the lobby to a small opening leading to the room the lower chambers of five small built over some of them to relieve pressure on the burial chamber, which was built in the heart of the pyramid scale of 5.20 m × 10.80 m and a height of 5.80 m, and this room with a ceiling level is composed of nine panels huge granite weighing in total about 400 tons, and in the western side of the room there is a coffin stone of granite without a cover.
There are walls in the northern and the southern two openings that lead to outside of the pyramid and the purpose of the ventilation slots and called them "attitude the air" and there is another opinion that that which serving a religious purpose, as are related to the entry and exit of the soul.
There are above the burial chamber of five small rooms built on top of each other, and rising up, each about one meter and the room the last roof tapered and purpose of these rooms is the distribution of pressure on the side of the pyramid above the burial chamber, and up to the rooms through a small opening at the end of the upper part of Great Hall, has been found on the walls of one of these rooms inscribed with the name inside the pyramid of Cheops, a historian year 17 of the wisdom.

The group hierarchy:
And group hierarchies of King Khufu, which consists of a temple of the valley and the road rising and funerary temple is that group is a link between each of the group Bent funeral and a group of Khafre funerary complex is likely that the valley temple had existed under the houses of the village of "bad fat" at the end of the road upward, which was reached between Valley Temple and the funerary temple and the length of this road to about 810 meters, but a run-down now, and no remains of the funerary temple which is located in the eastern parts of the pyramid is the floor of basalt stone.

Boats of Khufu:
Of the most important relics which were found within the group pyramid of King Khufu is the openings for the vessels, were found on five holes, including two in the south and two in the east and a fifth to the side of the road upward, and in 1954, was the discovery of a ship in the southern side of the pyramid was broken was extracted and re- composition and length of about 30 m, was held in this museum ship south of the pyramid. The varied opinions about the purpose of those ships there than likely that these vessels have had the use of religious terms used by the King on his journey to the temple of Ra in the sky, and there is another opinion believes that her use of mundane, used by King in his travels inspection of his works, as well as in his body was taken to Pyramid after death.
There to the east of the Great Pyramid three small pyramids may have been the wives of King Cheops or princesses ownership.

Pyramid of Khafre:
Took the King Khafre power after his father Khufu, built the pyramid of his father and that was the pyramid of Khafre, slightly smaller than the Great Pyramid, but it shows the behind me that much higher than in order to build it on a high plateau site, It is a pyramid of King Khafre in Giza completed the group hierarchy as consisting of the Temple of the valley and the road rising and funerary temple next to the pyramid itself.

Temple Valley:
Located the temple near the agricultural area close to the homes of the village of bad fat and this is called the temple "The Temple of the Sphinx" to incidence South Sphinx, has Mariette in 1853 drilling in this temple was found in which the statues of King Khafre, made of diorite and currently saved in the museum Egyptian.
The walls of this temple, built originally of limestone covered with stone, granite, represent surfaces of the outer walls of the temple a little to the inside, located and front of the temple in the east and has two entrances, one in the east and the other in the west, and there are gaps in front of entrances may have been to put the rules of statues in the form of sphinxes on both sides of each entrance, and both entrances lead to the lobby and in the long narrow hallway that was found on the statue of Khafre Aldeureteh. In the mid-western wall of the lobby entrance leads to the lobby of the T-shaped and has 16 columns of granite, the lobby is now open to the sky but it was sheltered by, and in the southwestern corner of the lobby, find the corridor a short lead to six stores with a low ceiling, three of which over the other three, and in the northwestern corner of the lobby is a corridor, we find ample leads to the rear door of the temple, where the road begins rising.

Way upward:
This road cut in the rock the entire plateau, and about 500 m long, and we see remnants in the eastern end of the road near the valley temple, and ends this way when the funerary temple near the southern corner of the East faced him.

Funerary temple:
Is this temple in the east of the pyramid and built of limestone and was Xah of stone, granite, and are covered with floor with a layer of marble, and the entrance of this temple in the east, and leads the entrance to the gorge in the south side of the two rooms, and in the east lobby of a roof. Columns and then continue corridor to the north and leads to four stores and peace, and in the middle of the back wall of the lobby corridor last connected to the lobby of a rectangular roof laptop with 14 column box, and in both North and South of the lobby, two rooms Taiwiltan of statues. After this the lobby, we find a lobby lounge last a roof ten columns and then get to the large courtyard, and in the courtyard near the big five, we find Nishat (slots), and in the southern side of the vestibule, we find Alnecat lead to five stores were kept by the funeral ritual tools.
Come out of this last vestibule vestibule leads to the Holy of Holies, which is located at the end of the temple in the western side is a narrow rectangular structure was based in the middle of a large granite plate (the Holy of Holies).
In the northwestern corner of the large patio door leads to the corridor heading west to the courtyard of the pyramid itself, and near the funerary temple there are five pits ships.

Pyramid:
Is characterized by a pyramid of Khafre that it has two entrances on the northern side of the first of them carved in rock hill a few meters away from the base of the pyramid, and leads the entrance to the corridor bearish then a corridor Alawite leading to the burial chamber, all carved in the rock, and the second entrance at a height of about 11 m from the surface of the earth and leads the entrance to the passage downward, roof and walls of granite and then turns into a path straight ends Chamber of burial walls engraved in stone and covered with stone Jerry and roof Gamalony was found in the western side of the burial chamber sarcophagus of granite dimensions 2.60 × 1.05 × 1 م was found on the lid broken near him, and the lengths of the pyramid as follows: original height 143.5 m and the current 136 m, the length of each side of the base 215 m, and the angle of inclination 1053 degrees is characterized by the pyramid of Khafre to remain part of the exterior cladding of limestone to the top of the pyramid, and surrounded the pyramid wall on three sides is the North and South and West.

Sphinx:
Associated pyramid of Khafre Great Sphinx, which combines the body of lion and the head of King Khafre have been found so far on the statue of Sphinx-like in size with a length of 57 meters and a height of 20 meters.
Labels and the Sphinx, which was launched by the Egyptians in them:
"Poplar - mother - sister," meaning "Poplar on the horizon" and "Poplar my sister," meaning "Poplar belonging to the horizon" and that fits with the name of the cemetery of old, which was called the "sister of Cheops" any "approved Khufu" and called the Sphinx, in some cases "ho" or "on" and united with the Canaanite god "Horon" which was the form of a falcon, who spread his worship in Egypt in the era of the Nineteenth Dynasty.
Some believe that the name of "on" this is the origin of the name "Sphinx" where the distorted "about Poe" from "Barr on" then became "Boo Hole" and finally added a millennium to become the "Sphinx."
The Greeks called the statue the name "Sphinx" Sphinx after Sawoa between him and one of the demons in their faith. The thing is strange that Herodotus when an update on the Pyramids of Giza did not mention anything about the Sphinx, which refers to the non-appearance of the sand at that time.
Ergd Sphinx in the center of a low place on the eastern edge of the plateau and often submerge the sand, in 1926 and in the sand for removal of the statue. And worthy of mentioning that this low was a quarry large pieces of it workers stones needed to build the pyramid and after the construction of the pyramid remained the mass in the nearby Temple of the valley and to the interface of the pyramid of Oriental and was corrupt view of the pyramid, so arrive engineer Pyramid of Khafre to the carved in the form of a huge statue with a Lion King and the body.
The Sphinx was restored in other times and small stones turning the Sphinx to the east and on his head the royal headdress "Nemes"
In the New Kingdom kings were symbolizing their lion a man's head Among the most famous statues in the statue of the Kings Hatshepsut and Thutmose III and in the middle of the eighteenth dynasty was the Sphinx covered with sand up to his neck and the princes who fish in the desert of Giza on the pyramids, and left Prince Thutmose IV son King Amenhotep II for fishing in this region, and at noon he rested under the head of the Sphinx and slept and saw in the dream that this idol may occur to him, complaining of the accumulation of sand around him and promised him the king of Egypt if removed the sand with him, and when boarding Thutmose IV the throne of Egypt is to lift the sand accumulated on the body Sphinx is also building a wall around the place of milk from the north and the South Bank and prevents the accumulation of sand again, then recorded the story on the board of granite currently exist between the feet of Sphinx is known as the "Dream Stela".

Pyramid Mnkawora:
King Mnkawora is the son of King Khafre, and the architect of the pyramid the third in Giza was built this pyramid on the plateau is still a large part of Xah granite stays in place (sixteen Madmaka), did not complete buildings pyramid of the king because of his death Votmha after him is over the throne Hbsskaf brick.
The pyramid is located in Mnkawora the south side of the Giza Plateau is the youngest of the three pyramids, where the Otoalh as follows:
Height 66.50 m, the length of its base 108.5 m, and the angle of inclination in 2051.
Is located the entrance to the pyramid in the north and to a height of 5 m from the ground level, and leads the entrance passage to the downside length of 31 m followed by a corridor leads to the corridor horizontal which three barricades then get to the burial chamber, which was found on a wooden coffin and has parts of the mummy of a man who was probably Mnkawora , and the coffin and mummy parts exist now in the British Museum.
There are pyramid corridor bearish second in the upper part of the north wall of the burial chamber and extends upward to the entrance of the pyramid the original, was found in the pyramid on the ark of the basalt were aspects decorated in the form of interface the palace, and when you move the coffin to the British sank the ship that was carrying in front of the shores of Spain.
King began the construction of the basis Mnkawora Mabdih funerary and valley and the road upward, but he died before the work is Vokmlh Hbsskaf King.